Automatic detection of Cryptosporidium in optical microscopy images using YOLOv5x: a comparative study.

Here, a machine learning tool (YOLOv5) enables the detection of Cryptosporidium microorganisms using optical and phase contrast microscope images. The two databases were processed using 520 images (optical microscopy) and 1200 images (phase contrast microscopy). It used Python libraries to label, standardize the size, and crop the images to generate the input tensors to the YOLOv5 network (s, m, and l). It implemented two experiments using randomly initialized weights in optical and phase contrast microscope images. The other two experiments used the parameters for the best training time obtained before and after retraining the models. Metrics used to assess model accuracy were mean average accuracy, confusion matrix, and the F1 scores. All three metrics confirmed that the optimal model used the best epoch of optical imaging training and retraining with phase contrast imaging. Experiments with randomly initialized weights with optical imaging showed the lowest precision for Cryptosporidium detection. The most stable model was YOLOv5m, with the best results in all categories. However, the differences between all models are lower than 2%, and YOLOv5s is the best option for Cryptosporidium detection considering the differences in computational costs of the models.

Deep learning-enabled imaging flow cytometry for high-speed Cryptosporidium and Giardia detection.

Imaging flow cytometry has become a popular technology for bioparticle image analysis because of its capability of capturing thousands of images per second. Nevertheless, the vast number of images generated by imaging flow cytometry imposes great challenges for data analysis especially when the species have similar morphologies. In this work, we report a deep learning-enabled high-throughput system for predicting Cryptosporidium and Giardia in drinking water. This system combines imaging flow cytometry and an efficient artificial neural network called MCellNet, which achieves a classification accuracy >99.6%. The system can detect Cryptosporidium and Giardia with a sensitivity of 97.37% and a specificity of 99.95%. The high-speed analysis reaches 346 frames per second, outperforming the state-of-the-art deep learning algorithm MobileNetV2 in speed (251 frames per second) with a comparable classification accuracy. The reported system empowers rapid, accurate, and high throughput bioparticle detection in clinical diagnostics, environmental monitoring and other potential biosensing applications.

An unusual etiology of abdominal pain in children.

The first case of cholecystitis acalculous by Cryptosporidium in onco-hematology pediatric patient was described in this work.

Tc-99m DISIDA hepatobiliary scintigraphy in AIDS cholangitis.

Sixteen patients with documented AIDS cholangitis who underwent Tc-99m DISIDA hepatobiliary scintigraphy were retrospectively reviewed to assess the spectrum of changes observed in this disease. AIDS cholangitis was documented by either ERCP with aspiration/biopsy or the presence of typical sonographic/CT abnormalities with positive stool culture and a minimum of 6 months follow-up. Images were graded as regards parenchymal function (blood pool clearance, peak parenchymal activity, and degree of parenchymal retention), gallbladder visualization, presence of ductal dilatation, and time of intestinal activity. Three patterns were identified: 1) focal ductal dilatation with focal narrowing and focal or diffuse parenchymal retention; 2) ductal dilatation, without narrowing, and diffuse parenchymal retention; and 3) severe diffuse parenchymal retention with or without ductal abnormality. All 16 studies revealed abnormal parenchymal retention. Gallbladder nonvisualization was demonstrated in nine studies and delayed in two. The hepatobiliary scan is a very sensitive technique for evaluating AIDS cholangitis. Although a spectrum of findings may be observed, parenchymal retention with some degree of ductal abnormality is the most commonly observed pattern.

Case report: pneumatosis intestinalis occurring in association with cryptosporidiosis and HIV infection.

We report a case of pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) occurring in association with cryptosporidiosis in a patient documented as being HIV-seropositive. Chest and abdominal radiographs taken 2 months previously were normal and the patient did not have any evidence of gastrointestinal infection at that time. The case was complicated by cyst rupture resulting in a pneumoretroperitoneum and pneumomediastinum. The association of pneumatosis and cryptosporidiosis has not been previously reported.

Cryptosporidiosis of the biliary tract in AIDS.

Cryptosporidiosis of the biliary system was studied retrospectively in 13 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The diagnosis was made by means of histologic examination (n = 9) or imaging studies and the presence of intestinal cryptosporidiosis (n = 4). Imaging studies were done in 10 patients. Ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT) showed dilatation of the biliary ducts, some with wall thickening, thickening of the gallbladder wall and pericholecystic fluid. Cholangiograms showed attenuation and pruning of the intrahepatic bile ducts, some with beading and dilatation of the common bile duct. Three patients had papillary stenosis. Numerous Cryptosporidium organisms were found in three resected gallbladders and in the biliary ducts of seven patients in whom autopsy was performed, accompanied by an exuberant inflammatory response. Correlation of the radiologic and pathologic findings establishes a direct etiologic role of Cryptosporidium as one of the major infectious agents in cholangitis associated with AIDS.

Gastric manifestations of AIDS: radiographic findings on upper gastrointestinal examination.

The radiographic findings in the stomach in the upper gastrointestinal examination in 11 patients with the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) were reviewed. Four cases of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) showed multiple submucosal nodular filling defects; in one of these cases, ulceration of some of the nodules was present. Gastric lymphoma occurred in two cases and appeared as one or several large nodular masses; one of these involved the esophagogastric junction. Five cases of infectious gastritis, caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV), Cryptosporidium, and Toxoplasma, were manifested as thickened gastric folds and/or antral narrowing. Thus, in patients with AIDS, gastric neoplastic lesions can be suggested when nodular filling defects or masses are identified, whereas inflammatory processes tend to show thickened gastric folds or antral narrowing. However, endoscopic biopsy is required to enable proper treatment.

Cryptosporidiosis of the gastric antrum: detection using CT.

We describe a patient who had cryptosporidiosis and cytomegalovirus infection of the gastric antrum that was initially detected on computed tomography (CT) scans. CT may be useful in the evaluation of immunocompromised patients with diarrheal illness, as well as in the assessment of the gastrointestinal tract.

Computed tomography findings in gastrointestinal involvement by opportunistic organisms in acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

The computed tomography findings in two cases of gastrointestinal superinfection by opportunistic organisms in acquired immune deficiency syndrome are presented. Findings included thickening of the mucosal folds and the bowel wall in the small intestine and colon associated with cytomegalovirus and cryptosporidiosis. These cases indicate that it is important to look carefully at the gastrointestinal tract when performing computed tomography in this group of patients. Unsuspected bowel pathology may be demonstrated, or disease may be confirmed in clinically suspected cases.

Gastrointestinal complications of AIDS: radiologic features.

The radiologic features were examined in a retrospective review of 25 patients with gastrointestinal complications of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Factors of risk for AIDS present in these patients included homosexuality (n = 10), intravenous drug abuse (n = 7), multiple blood transfusions (n = 1), and unconfirmed or unknown factors (n = 7). Gastrointestinal abnormalities identified on radiologic studies (including upper gastrointestinal, small bowel, and barium enema studies) were correlated with histopathologic specimens and the results of bacteriologic, viral, fungal, and parasitologic studies. The most common disorders (88%) were candidal esophagitis and cytomegaloviral colitis; neoplastic involvement of the gastrointestinal tract was far less common (12%), with only two patients (8%) having Kaposi sarcoma. Gastrointestinal studies, which can provide useful if not always definitive diagnostic information, are recommended to precede more invasive diagnostic studies in evaluating patients with suspected AIDS.